Main Five Clauses of the Delhi Agreement

1. An elected Constituent Assembly shall draft the democratic constitution within two years.
2. A 10-member interim government shall be constituted to run the administration until the new constitution is drafted. There shall be five members from the Ranas and the five from the Nepali congress in the interim government.
3. King Tribhuwan shall remain as the legitimated king of Nepal.
4. All the political prisoners shall be set free except those charged with criminal offences.
5. The revolutionaries shall have to submit their arms and ammunition to the government and stop the revolution.

After the agreement the Nepali congress agreed to stop the revolution and with that, the armed revolution stopped in Nepal.

However, the Delhi Agreement was strongly protested by Dr. K.I. Singh and his supporters. They continued the struggle stating that the Ranas should be removed from all the high posts of the army and the civil service and they demanded that the agreement to end the Rana rule be done in Nepal itself under the mediation of the King rather than in foreign land under foreign pressure.

The Delhi Agreement and the End of Revolution-2007 B.S/1951 A.D

The Bairagania Convention of the Nepali Congress Party ( Aswin 10-12, 2007 B.S/ Sept. 27-29,1950 A.D) decided to carry out armed revolution against the autocratic Rana rule. The merging of the Nepal Democratic Congress led by Suvarna Shamsher Rana into the Nepali National Congress led by B.P. Koirala gave birth to a single party known as the Nepali Congress. The formation of the Nepali Congress gave a strong foundation for the revolution of 2007 B.S/1950 A.D. The Bairagania meeting helped to adopt two-prong strategies in order to accelerate the movement. i) Extremist struggle by forming the Liberation Army under Suvarna Shumsher, and ii) Peaceful protest under the leadership of B.P Koirala.

To help in the steps taken by the Nepali Congress, King Tribhuvan and his family fled to Delhi by an Indian helicopter on 21 Kartik,2007 B.S/ Nov. 7 1950 A.D. The revolution against the Rana regime became nationwide. The Liberation Army successfully captured the strategic places one after another. The independent and democratic Government of India openly supported the democratic forces. Mohan Shumsher, the Prime Minister, then declared Gyanendra Shah, the second grandson of King Tribhuvan, the King of Nepal. However, India and other friendly countries of Nepal did not recognize the new king and the activities of Mohan Shumsher. The revolution against the Rana Regime became nationwide. The Liberation Army successfully captured the strategic places one after another. At the same time, the Liberation Army occupied Biratnagar and the eastern hilly region, thus liberated the region from the hands of the Ranas. In the west too, in Palpa, the strategic centre for trade and administration, was brought under its control by the Liberation Army. The Liberation Army fought against the Rana soldiers and occupied following places: Illam, Diktel, Aathrai, Tehrathum, Okhaldunga, Parawanipur, the bridge of Sirsiya, Bhairahawa, Gorkha, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Doti, Biratnagar, Rangeli, Malangawa, Upper Danggadhi, Birgunj and Parsa. Similarly, the places seiged by the the Liberation Army without much resistance are Bhojpur, Khotang, Dhankuta, Mohottari, Mahinath, Thori, Chitwan, Taulihawa, Palpa, Pokhara, Gulmi, Syangja, Banglung, Koilabas, Dang-Deukhuri, Pyuthan, Dadeldhura, Surkhet, Dailekh, Baitadi and Shivaraj Dhajahani. In the Kathmandu valley too, slogans were raised against the Rana rule. Mohan Shumsher requested the government of India to mediate on the matter. The government of India helped to mediate for the peaceful settlement of the political issues of Nepal among King Tribhuvan, the Nepali Congress and Rana government. The Tripartite agreement of 29 Magh, 2007 BS/ Feb. 12, 1951 A.D is known as the Delhi agreement.

As per the Delhi agreement, there would be the formation of an interim government with five representatives from the Ranas and the other five from the Nepali Congress. After the conclusion of the agreement, King Tribhuwan returned to Nepal. On Falgun 7, 2007 BS/ 18 Feb. 1951 A.D. King Tribhuwan declared the end of the 104 years Rana rule and the establishment of democracy in Nepal.

The revolution against the Rana regime became nationwide. The Liberation Army successfully captured the strategic places one after another. The independent and democratic Government of India openly supported the democratic forces ,so, India mediated the issue between King Tribhuwan, the democratic forces and the Rana representatives. An agreement was signed on 29 Magh/ Feb. 12 and the movement was called off and a historic agreement was signed which was known as the Delhi Agreement. It was a tripartite agreement. After the agreement, the leaders of the Nepali Congress along with King Tribhuwan returned to Kathmandu from New Delhi on Falgun 4, 2007 / 15 Feb. 1951 A.D and declared the end of Rana regime and dawn of democracy on Feb 18, 1951 A.D.

Major Achievements during the Rana Rule

The Rana rule was fully autocratic and family rule. All the high posts in civil and army services were reserved for the Ranas by birth. The posts above the colonel in the Army were fully reserved for the Ranas. Common people had no access to civil or army administration. The Ranas kept even the King away from the administration. Despite these facts, the Ranas made some reforms to sustain their family rule.

Administrative Acheivements
Offices to run daily administration, Ainkhana and Kaushal Adda to frame law, Muluki Khana to collect revenue and many other government offices (Addas) were established. Postal service started for governmental purpose. The Ranas continued the Pajani system, ( Annual appointment or dismissal of the officials) so as to make the officials loyal to the Ranas. Bir Shumser divided the country into 35 districts. The Ranas introduced 'Daudaha' system (Visitors System) to listen to the complaints of the common people and to check revenue leakage. The Daudaha team consisted of 9 members but the chief of the team would be a Rana. Jung Bahadur introduced the first Civil Code on January 7, 1853 A.D after he came back from Europe. The governing system was fully centralized and the order of the Shree Teen Maharaja was the law of the nation. Padma Shumsher introduced the first constitution of Nepal, Nepal Government constitutional Law, 2004 B.S / 1947 A.D.

Economic Achievements
Traditionally, agriculture was the backbone of Nepalese economy. Jung Bahadur Rana introduced diversification in agriculture and introduced tea plantation in Illam. Chandra Shumsher constructed Chandra Nahar ( Chandra Canal ) at Triyuga River in Saptari and Juddha  Shumsher cosntructed Juddha Nahar           ( Juddha Canal) at Manusmara River in Rautahat for the development of agriculture. Chandra Shumsher produced the first hydro electricity in Nepal at Pharping and Juddha Shumsher also established hydropower station at Sundarijal. Nepal had traditional cottage industries that produced hand made cloth, paper, utensils, weapons etc. Juddha Shumsher implemented Company Act and established industries, such as Biratnagar Jute Mills, Juddha Match Factory etc.That is why he is known as the father of Nepalese Industries. Nepal had trade surplus at that time. Nepal had trade link with Tibet, India and Europe. Nepalese raw materials were popular in Europe.

Social Achievements
Jung Bahadur tried to eradicated 'Sati System' ( immolation) but could not achieve success. Chandra Shumsher legally eliminated 'Sati System' in 1977 B.S or 1920 A.D. and 'Slavery System' in 1981 B.S / 1924 A.D. He declared slave trade illegal and punishable by law. Some of these ex-slaves were sent to British Army whereas others were settled at Bhikshakhori which is now called Amlekhgunj ( Freedom land). Widow marriage was made legal and the unmarried women above 35 years were given some right on parental property. Jung Bahadur introduced western education with the establishment of Durbar School. Bir Shumsher established Bir Hospital. Dev Shumsher established more than 100 schools and started the publication of Gorkhapatra ( newspaper). Chandra Shumsher established Tri-Chandra College. Padma Shumsher established schools for girls and encouraged girls' education. Despite these reformations, social evils such as untouchability, child marriage, bigamy, mismatch marriage etc. existed in the Nepalese societies.

The Causes of the Downfall of the Rana Rule

1. Family Intrigues and conflicts: Several efforts were made during the rule of Jung Bahadur to overthrow him from power but they were all futile. After his death, Ranodip became the Prime Minister who was childless. The 1938 Parva and 1942 Parva(Massacre) gave a new turn in the history of the Rana rule. The sons of Dhir Shamsher assassinated Ranodip and the sons of Jung Bahadur and the role of succession went to the lineage of Dhir Shumsher. Chandra Shamser conspired and dismissed Dev Shumsher. Thus, there were always conflicts and conspiracies among the Ranas.
2. Expulsion of 'C' class Ranas: Chandra Shumsher divided the Rana family into A,B and C classes and initiate fraction among the Ranas. Judddha Shumsher exiled 'C' class Ranas from the role of succession and exiled them. As a result, the exiled 'C' class Ranas went against the Rana rule, supported anti Rana movements and helped to bring the Rana rule to an end.
3. Anti-Rana Movements: During the time of Jung Bahadur itself the protest against the autocratic rule began. Even though voices were raised against Rana regime in an unorganized way after the First World War Chandra Shumsher suppressed them. Chandra Shumsher also suppressed Makai Parva and Arya Samaj. Several anti Rana movements in the form of the charkha movement, Prachanda Gorkha, Mahvir School, library Parva, Praja Parishad, Jayatu Sanskritam gained momentum that mae people more aware of their rights and encouraged the people to fight against the Rana rule.
4. Abdication of Throne by King Tribhuwan and Armed Revolution: Nepali Congress Party launched an armed revolution against the Rana rule in 2007 B.S.or 1950 A.D. Meanwhile, King Tribhuwan left the Narayanhiti Palace for India in Kartik 2007 B.S./ October 1950. As a result, the Anti-Rana Movement reached its climax. The Rana regime came to an end in Nepal after the proclamation of democracy on 7 falgul 2007/ February 19, 1950.

Causes for the rise of the Rana Rule

1. Political Instability in Nepal: After the death of Prithvi Narayan Shah, his eldest son Pratap Singh Shah ascended the throne of Nepal. Unfortunatedly, he ruled only for 2 years and 9 months. After his death, three year old Rana Bahadur Shah became the king. The minors became the Kings and regents ruled the country. They were always in conflicts for power. In this way, political instability started in Nepal.
2. Series of Assassination: Fetahjung Chautariya held the post of the Prime Minister after the assassination of Mathbharsingh Thapa. Queen Rajyalaxmi's favorite Gagansingh was very infuential in the court. Gagansingh was assassinated at night on the month of October in 1846 A.D. In the pretext of finding out his murderer, all courtiers gathered at the Kot of Hanuman Dhoka Palace where most of them were killed by Jung Bahadur and his supporters. That day is famous as Kot Parva in Nepalese history.
3. Three Massacres ( Parvas ) : The Kot Parva took place first. After this Jung Bahadur became the Prime Minister as well as the commander in chief. There after the Bhandarkhal Prava ( Massacre) took place. Jung Bahadur exiled King Rajendra and Queen Rajyalaxmi to Kashi in India. After the Alau Prava, Jung Bahadur blamed King Rajendra for getting involved in conspiracy against the throne and put him under house arrest. Surendra was declared as the King. Jung Bahadur ruled the nation as a very powerful ruler thereafter.
4. Marital Relationship with the Royal Family: Jung Bahadur married the sister of Fateh Jung Shah. He arranged the marriage of King Surendra with his younger brother Kirshna Bahadur's daughter. His sons Jagatjung and Jitjung got married to Surendra's daughters. Later on, two of his daughters were married to Prince Trailokya. Such relationship heightened the power and social prestige of the Ranas.
5. The Royal Seal of 24 Shrawan 1913 ( August 9, 1856 A.D): Jung Bahadur reached the supreme status after King Surendra conferred him the title of Shree Teen Maharaj of Kaski and Lamjung in 1856 A.D. It resulted in the foundation of the Rana rule.

Ranarchy

Ranarchy or Rana regime in Nepal started from the year 1846 to 1953 A.D. Jung Bahadur Rana played a great role in establishing the Rana rule in Nepal. His father, Bal Narasingh Kunwar was the body gaurd of King Rana Bahadur Shah. After the assassination of King Rana Bahadur, Bhimsen Thapa was the supreme powerful person in Nepal who was a very close relative of Bal Narasingh Kunwar. Thus, Jung Bahadur had close relation with the Royal Palace of Nepal. After the downfall of Bhimsen Thapa, the life of Jung  Bahadur became very miserable. He was a power monger and could do anything to gain power. He, even, assassinated his own maternal uncle, Mathbar Singh Thapa to win the trust of the queen and achieve power. There were minor kings and worst conspiracy in the Nepalese Royal Palace after the death of Pratap Singh Shah. Jung Bahadur utilized the situations wisely and founded Ranarchy.

Ujjir Singh Thapa

He is another great warrior during Anglo-Nepal War. Prime Minister Bhimsen Thapa's father, General Amarsingh Thapa, was the governor of Palpa. Ujjir Singh Thapa, the son of Nayan Singh Thapa and grandson of Amarsingh Thapa, became the Governor of Palpa after the death of Amarsingh Thapa. His duty was to defend Palpa. On the other side, Major General Wood was the British commander of this sector. About 4000 soldiers from the British troops were advancing to Palpa via Butwal. The British troops were confronted on a jungle route by Nepalese troops led by Ujjir Singh Thapa. The British army was badly defeated and forced to adopt a defensive policy. Nepalese troops drove the invading forces. Ujjir Singh Thapa's contribution to defend the sovereignty of Nepal remains immortal in the history of Nepal.